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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | Buddha introduces a vigorous tradition of monasticism, in the order of Buddhist monks known as Sangha | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The Upanishads, written over a long period from oral tradition, are the mystical texts of early Hinduism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The Mahabharata, India's great national epic, begins to take shape | |
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| 327 BC |
| | | Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India | |
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| 321 BC |
| | | Chandragupta Maurya seizes the throne of Magadha, in India, and establishes the Mauryan dynasty | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma emerge as India's trio of main gods, with the Vedic religion of the Aryans evolving into Hinduism | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | The Indian epic of romance and adventure, the Ramayana, is probably the work of a single author at about this time | |
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